Bài viết về ung thư của Hội Ung Thư Hoa kỳ : được viết với một ngữ vựng rất đơn giản dành cho mọi người đọc .
What Is Cancer?
Cancer can start any place in the body. It starts when cells (tế bào) grow out of control (ngoài kiểm soát) and crowd out (chiếm chỗ) normal cells. This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should.
Cancer can start any place in the body. It starts when cells (tế bào) grow out of control (ngoài kiểm soát) and crowd out (chiếm chỗ) normal cells. This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should.
Cancer can be treated very well for many people. In fact, more people than ever before lead full lives (có cuộc sống toàn diện) after cancer treatment.
Here we will explain what cancer is and how it’s treated. You’ll find a list of words about cancer and what they mean at the end of this booklet.
Cancer basics
Cancer is not just one disease (Ung thư ko chỉ là một bịnh) .
Cancer is not just one disease (Ung thư ko chỉ là một bịnh) .
There are many types (nhiều loại) of cancer. It’s not just one disease. Cancer can start in the lungs, the breast, the colon, or even in the blood. Cancers are alike in some ways, but they are different in the ways they grow and spread (Ung thư có thể giống nhau ở vài phương diện , nhưng nó khác ở cách nó phát triển và tràn lan) .
How are cancers alike? (Ung thư giống nhau như thế nào)
The cells in our bodies all have certain jobs to do Những tế bào trong cơ thể chúng ta tất cả có một số việc nào đó để làm) . Normal cells divide in an orderly way (Những tế bào bình thường phân chia theo một cách trật tự) . They die when they are worn out or damaged, and new cells take their place(Chúng chết khi chúng hao mòn hay hư hỏng, và tế bào mới thay thế chúng) . Cancer is when the cells start to grow out of control (Ung thư xảy ra khi những tế bào này bắt đầu phát triển ngoài kiểm soát). The cancer cells keep on growing and making new cells (Những tế bào ung thư này tiếp tục phát triển và tạo thêm tế bào mới) . They crowd out normal cells (Chúng CHIẾM CHỖ của tế bào bình thường) . This causes problems in the part of the body where the cancer started (Điều này tạo ra vấn đề/khó khăn/bịnh tại phần của cơ thể mà ung thư bắt đầu) .
The cells in our bodies all have certain jobs to do Những tế bào trong cơ thể chúng ta tất cả có một số việc nào đó để làm) . Normal cells divide in an orderly way (Những tế bào bình thường phân chia theo một cách trật tự) . They die when they are worn out or damaged, and new cells take their place(Chúng chết khi chúng hao mòn hay hư hỏng, và tế bào mới thay thế chúng) . Cancer is when the cells start to grow out of control (Ung thư xảy ra khi những tế bào này bắt đầu phát triển ngoài kiểm soát). The cancer cells keep on growing and making new cells (Những tế bào ung thư này tiếp tục phát triển và tạo thêm tế bào mới) . They crowd out normal cells (Chúng CHIẾM CHỖ của tế bào bình thường) . This causes problems in the part of the body where the cancer started (Điều này tạo ra vấn đề/khó khăn/bịnh tại phần của cơ thể mà ung thư bắt đầu) .
Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body (Tế bào ung thư cũng có thể lan tràn đến các phần khác của cơ thể) . For instance, cancer cells in the lung can travel to the bones and grow there (Ví dụ , tế bào ung thư phổi có thể di chuyển tới xương và phát triển ở đó) . When cancer cells spread, it’s called metastasis (meh-TAS-tuh-sis)(Khi tế bào ung thư tràn lan , nó được là DI CAN) .. When lung cancer spreads to the bones, it’s still called lung cancer (Khi ung thư phổi lan tới xương , nó vẫn được gọi là ung thư phổi) . To doctors, the cancer cells in the bones look just like the ones from the lung. It’s not called bone cancer unless it started in the bones Với BS , tế bào ung thư trong xương giống như tế bào ung thư phổi) . Nó ko được gọi là ung thư xương trừ phi nó bắt đầu trong xương) .
How are cancers different? (Ung thư khác nhau thế nào)
Some cancers grow and spread fast (Một vài UT phát triển và lan nhanh) . Others grow more slowly (Những UT khác phát triển chậm They also respond to treatment in different ways (Chúng cũng đáp ứng với điều trị theo nhiều cách khác nhau) . Some types of cancer are best treated with surgery (Một vài loại UT trị tốt bằng mổ xẻ) ; others respond better to drugs called chemotherapy (key-mo-THER-uh-pee) (Một số khác đáp ứng tốt với thuốc được gọi là hóa trị) . Often 2 or more treatments are used to get the best results.(Thường 2 hơn nhiều cách điều trị được dùng để có kế quả toots0 .
Some cancers grow and spread fast (Một vài UT phát triển và lan nhanh) . Others grow more slowly (Những UT khác phát triển chậm They also respond to treatment in different ways (Chúng cũng đáp ứng với điều trị theo nhiều cách khác nhau) . Some types of cancer are best treated with surgery (Một vài loại UT trị tốt bằng mổ xẻ) ; others respond better to drugs called chemotherapy (key-mo-THER-uh-pee) (Một số khác đáp ứng tốt với thuốc được gọi là hóa trị) . Often 2 or more treatments are used to get the best results.(Thường 2 hơn nhiều cách điều trị được dùng để có kế quả toots0 .
When someone has cancer, the doctor will want to find out what kind of cancer it is. People with cancer need treatment that works for their type of cancer.
What are tumors?
Most cancers form a lump called a tumor or a growth(Phần lớn UT tạo nên một một khối u . But not all lumps are cancer(Nhưng ko phải mọi khối u là UT) . Doctors take out a piece of the lump and look at it to find out if it’s cancer. Lumps that are not cancer are called benign (be-NINE) (Khôi u ko phải UT gọi là u lành) . Lumps that are cancer are called malignant (muh-LIG-nunt)(Khối u là UT gọi là u ác tính)) .
Most cancers form a lump called a tumor or a growth(Phần lớn UT tạo nên một một khối u . But not all lumps are cancer(Nhưng ko phải mọi khối u là UT) . Doctors take out a piece of the lump and look at it to find out if it’s cancer. Lumps that are not cancer are called benign (be-NINE) (Khôi u ko phải UT gọi là u lành) . Lumps that are cancer are called malignant (muh-LIG-nunt)(Khối u là UT gọi là u ác tính)) .
There are some cancers, like leukemia (cancer of the blood), that don’t form tumors. They grow in the blood cells or other cells of the body.
“There is a fear that goes through you when you’re told you have cancer. It’s so hard in the beginning to think about anything but your diagnosis. It’s the first thing you think about every morning. I want people with cancer to know it does get better. Talking about your cancer helps you deal with all of the new emotions you are feeling. Remember, it’s normal to get upset.” – Delores, cancer survivor
What stage is the cancer?
The doctor also needs to know if and how far the cancer has spread from where it started. This is called the cancer stage. You may have heard other people say that their cancer was stage 1 or stage 2. Knowing the stage of the cancer helps the doctor decide what type of treatment is best.
What stage is the cancer?
The doctor also needs to know if and how far the cancer has spread from where it started. This is called the cancer stage. You may have heard other people say that their cancer was stage 1 or stage 2. Knowing the stage of the cancer helps the doctor decide what type of treatment is best.
For each type of cancer there are tests that can be done to figure out the stage of the cancer. As a rule, a lower stage (such as a stage 1 or 2) means that the cancer has not spread very much. A higher number (such as a stage 3 or 4) means it has spread more. Stage 4 is the highest stage.
Ask your doctor to explain the stage of your cancer and what it means for you.
How is cancer treated?
The most common treatments for cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation (ray-dee-A- shun).
The most common treatments for cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation (ray-dee-A- shun).
Surgery can be used to take out the cancer. The doctor might also take out some or all of the body part the cancer affects. For breast cancer, part (or all) of the breast might be removed. For prostate cancer, the prostate gland might be taken out. Surgery is not used for all types of cancer. For example, blood cancers like leukemia are best treated with drugs.
Chemo (short for chemotherapy) is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. Some chemo can be given by IV (into a vein through a needle), and others are a pill you swallow. Because chemo drugs travel to nearly all parts of the body, they are useful for cancer that has spread.
Radiation is also used to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It can be used alone or with surgery or chemo. Radiation treatment is like getting an x-ray. Sometimes it’s given by putting a “seed” inside the cancer to give off the radiation.
“What was helpful for me was taking the time to step back and see the big picture. Getting the answers to my questions helped me to make a good decision. I did what I wanted and needed to do. I did things that made me feel comfortable, not what others thought I needed to do to be comfortable.” – Kevin, cancer survivor
What treatment is best for me?
Your cancer treatment will depend on what’s best for you. Some cancers respond better to surgery; others respond better to chemo or radiation. Knowing the type of cancer you have is the first step toward knowing which treatments will work best for you.
What treatment is best for me?
Your cancer treatment will depend on what’s best for you. Some cancers respond better to surgery; others respond better to chemo or radiation. Knowing the type of cancer you have is the first step toward knowing which treatments will work best for you.
The stage of your cancer will also help the doctor decide on the best treatment for you. A stage 3 or 4 cancer is likely to respond better to treatments that treat the whole body, like chemo.
Your health and the treatment you prefer will also play a part in deciding about cancer treatment. Not all types of treatment will work for your cancer, so ask what options you have. And treatments do have side effects, so ask about what to expect with each treatment.
Don’t be afraid to ask questions. It’s your right to know what treatments are most likely to help and what their side effects may be.
Why did this happen to me?
People with cancer often ask, “What did I do wrong?” or “Why me?” Doctors don’t know for sure what causes cancer. When doctors can’t give a cause, people may come up with their own ideas about why it happened.
People with cancer often ask, “What did I do wrong?” or “Why me?” Doctors don’t know for sure what causes cancer. When doctors can’t give a cause, people may come up with their own ideas about why it happened.
Some people think they’re being punished for something they did or didn’t do in the past. Most people wonder if they did something to cause the cancer.
If you’re having these feelings, you’re not alone. Thoughts and beliefs like this are common for people with cancer. You need to know that cancer is not a punishment for your past actions. Try to not blame yourself or focus on looking for ways you might have prevented cancer. Cancer is not your fault, and there’s almost never a way to find out what caused it. Instead, focus on taking good care of yourself now.
Your American Cancer Society can tell you more about cancer and cancer treatment. Call 1-800-227-2345 anytime, day or night.
How to talk to your loved ones about cancer
It can be hard to talk about cancer, even with the people you love. Learning you have cancer can stir many feelings, such as sadness, anger, and fear. Sometimes it’s hard to know how you’re feeling, much less talk to others about it.
It can be hard to talk about cancer, even with the people you love. Learning you have cancer can stir many feelings, such as sadness, anger, and fear. Sometimes it’s hard to know how you’re feeling, much less talk to others about it.
Your loved ones may also have a hard time talking about cancer. It’s not easy for them to know what to say to help you or make you feel better.
Here are some tips to help you and your loved ones deal with cancer:
Tell your family and friends about your cancer as soon as you feel up to it. Sooner or later, they’ll all know you have cancer. They might feel hurt or left out if they haven’t heard about it from you.
When you talk to them, explain what kind of cancer you have and how it will be treated. Let them know that no one can catch it from you.
Allow friends and family to help you, and tell them what kind of help you need. If you need a ride to the doctor’s office or hospital, let them know. If you need help around the house, let them know that, too. There may be times when you’re not sure what you need. That’s OK. Just let them know you aren’t sure, but you’ll let them know when you are.
Tell the people who are closest to you how you feel. This may not be easy, but it can be a very important way to get the support you need when you need it most. If you have trouble talking about your feelings, you might find a support group or a mental health counselor to help you.
If you have friends or family who tell you to “cheer up” when you’re not feeling good, it’s OK to ask them to just listen, and not tell you what to do. Sometimes you need to talk about what’s going on without getting advice in return.
If some people are not OK with talking about your feelings, don’t be upset. Try talking to others who might listen.
You may not be able to do things you were doing before you got cancer. If that’s true, let your family and friends know.
It’s best for your family and friends to keep doing the things they did before you had cancer. They should not feel guilty about doing this.
If you’re feeling sad or depressed, talk to your doctor, nurse, or religious leader. You can also call the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345.
“The first time you say, ‘I have cancer’ out loud is the hardest. The more you say it, the easier it becomes to say the words. The more I talked about my breast cancer, the easier it was for me to accept what I was going through. I found it odd that I sometimes had to cheer up those I was telling about my cancer.” – Helen, cancer survivor
Cancer words you may hear
These are words that you may hear your cancer care team use.
When you talk to them, explain what kind of cancer you have and how it will be treated. Let them know that no one can catch it from you.
Allow friends and family to help you, and tell them what kind of help you need. If you need a ride to the doctor’s office or hospital, let them know. If you need help around the house, let them know that, too. There may be times when you’re not sure what you need. That’s OK. Just let them know you aren’t sure, but you’ll let them know when you are.
Tell the people who are closest to you how you feel. This may not be easy, but it can be a very important way to get the support you need when you need it most. If you have trouble talking about your feelings, you might find a support group or a mental health counselor to help you.
If you have friends or family who tell you to “cheer up” when you’re not feeling good, it’s OK to ask them to just listen, and not tell you what to do. Sometimes you need to talk about what’s going on without getting advice in return.
If some people are not OK with talking about your feelings, don’t be upset. Try talking to others who might listen.
You may not be able to do things you were doing before you got cancer. If that’s true, let your family and friends know.
It’s best for your family and friends to keep doing the things they did before you had cancer. They should not feel guilty about doing this.
If you’re feeling sad or depressed, talk to your doctor, nurse, or religious leader. You can also call the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345.
“The first time you say, ‘I have cancer’ out loud is the hardest. The more you say it, the easier it becomes to say the words. The more I talked about my breast cancer, the easier it was for me to accept what I was going through. I found it odd that I sometimes had to cheer up those I was telling about my cancer.” – Helen, cancer survivor
Cancer words you may hear
These are words that you may hear your cancer care team use.
Benign (be-NINE): a tumor that’s not cancer
Biopsy (BY-op-see): taking out a piece of tissue to see if cancer cells are in it
Cancer (CAN-sur): a word used to describe more than 100 diseases in which cells grow out of control; or a tumor with cancer in it
Chemotherapy (key-mo-THER-uh-pee): the use of drugs to treat disease. The word most often refers to drugs used to treat cancer. Sometimes it’s just called “chemo.”
Malignant (muh-LIG-nunt): having cancer in it
Metastasis/Metastasized (meh-TAS-tuh-sis/meh-TAS-tuh-sized): the spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body through the lymph system or bloodstream
Oncologist (on-KAHL-uh-jist): a doctor who treats people who have cancer
Radiation therapy (ray-dee-A-shun THER-uh-pee): the use of high-energy rays, like x-rays, to treat cancer
Remission (re-MISH-un): when signs or symptoms of cancer are all or partly gone
Stage: a word that tells whether a cancer has spread, and if so, how far
How can I learn more about my cancer?
If you have questions about cancer or need help finding resources in your area, please call the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345. We're there when you need us – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
If you have questions about cancer or need help finding resources in your area, please call the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345. We're there when you need us – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
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