Wayback Machine
Despite these setbacks, Vietnamization began ahead of schedule when, in January 1969, Peers and Lu Lan agreed to replace one brigade of the U.S. 4th Division in Kontum Province with the military forces of the South Vietnamese 24th Special Tactical Zone. Peers regarded the zone's organic infantry unit, the (nondivisional) 42d Regiment, as well led, familiar with the land, and accus tomed to using American fire support when needed. Based in a sparsely popu lated border area, the 42d had developed a higher degree of combat expertise than its pacification-bound sisters along the coast, and, with II Corps armor and ranger reinforcements, its American advisers felt that the regiment could hold the northern Highlands. The new realignment left two American brigades and two Vietnamese regiments along the border, with the dangerous coverture task thus divided about equally between the two armies." Elsewhere in the II Corps zone, progress was less dramatic. Reflecting the increasing American interest in area security, Peers had ordered his pair-off programs expanded in July 1968 to include all Territorial Forces within the vicin ity of each American unit, and by mid-1969 a variety of programs catering to the territorials had replaced most of the original effort. Brig. Gen. John W. Barnes, who had succeeded Allen as commander of the 173d Airborne Brigade in De-cember 1968, officially ended the unit's pair-off program in April 1969 and re placed it with Operation WASHINGTON GREEN, an intensive area security effort with territorial and paramilitary forces in Binh Dinh Province. In essence, WASH INGTON GREEN was a second Operation FAIRFAX, but without the presence of South Vietnamese regulars.18 WASHINGTON GREEN proved to be the final American campaign in Binh Dinh Province, and its greatest achievement may have been in training an impressive number of territorial and paramilitary forces. However, in the long run the opera tion appeared no more successful than FAJRFAx's efforts to clean up Gia Dinh Province around Saigon prior to the Tet offensive. Binh Dinh was not easily pacified by military action alone. American and Vietnamese local intelligence was poor, the area was a traditional enemy stronghold, and province and district officials were never able to eliminate the local Viet Cong infrastructure. General Barnes admitted that "there is not a favor throughout the brigade to do this thing," explaining that many of his combat commanders found themselves frus trated by the lack of traditional fighting and measureable results. As Peers' suc cessor in March 1969, Lt. Gen. Charles A. Corcoran, reflected, "Barnes may have just been keeping the lid on the situation." After the brigade finally left Vietnam in 1971, the greater portion of the province reverted to Viet Cong control." Generals Peers' artillery assistance programs also began leaning towards the territorials. In late 1968 he began establishing combined fire support coordination centers in each province; placing all territorial outposts under American, Korean, or South Vietnamese artillery fans; and streamlining fire request and clearance procedures. But the new centers did little to increase territorial aggressiveness or free South Vietnamese artillery of its heavy area security responsibilities . 20 Although these combined activities were more thoroughly planned than those in the I Corps zone, it was difficult to measure their effect on the ground. American advisers continued to rate the South Vietnamese 22d and 23d Divi sions considerably lower than their northern sisters (the 1st and 2d Divisions), and the two units remained comparably weaker in strength and battlefield expe rience. General Peers seemed confused as to whether he should concentrate on developing the regulars or improving the territorials, and complained about the lack of guidance from MACV. Despite "a considerable effort toward the develop ment of a 'One War' concept at MACV-Saigon level," he felt that "it was ex tremely difficult for Headquarters, I FFV to pull together its several functions into a unified effort." If the goal was pacification, then the greater emphasis on territorial security made sense; if the objective was Vietnamization, then other measures and arrangements were called for. At the end of his tour Peers recom mended that Washington come up with a more structured plan, outlining con
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1969-1971
In March 1969 as he left command of I Field Force, Peers assessed the Division as "potentially the best division in II Corps," that just sits "in the cities and towns and outlying areas for weeks on end... [with a] continual tendency to revert back to the territorial function."[7]: 401
In 1969 General Le Ngoc Trien replaced General Nguyễn Văn Hiếu as Division commander.[7]: 364
From 5–25 May 1970 the 40th Regiment participated in Operation Binh Tay I an early phase of the Cambodian Campaign with the US 1st and 2nd Brigades, 4th Infantry Division. On 17 May the US forces returned to South Vietnam, leaving the area to the ARVN.[9]: 201 During Operation Binh Tay II from 14–26 May, the Division moved against Base Area 702. The second phase of the operation was carried out between 20 May and 27 June against Base Area 701 by elements of the Division.
In December 1970 as the US 4th Infantry Division left Vietnam, the Division moved into Pleiku with its 47th Regiment, taking responsibility for the 24th Special Tactical Zone and the defense of the northern Highlands.[7]: 401
The dissolution of the 24th Special Tactical Zone headquarters along the Laotian border and the transfer of its responsibilities to the Division had not brought any noticeable improvement to the Highlands. Local American and South Vietnamese cross-border incursions there had amounted to only minor raids. The 42nd Regiment had continued its decline begun during the Ben Het battles of 1969, and neither the 42nd nor the 47th Regiments had done well during the struggle for Dak Seang Camp in April 1970. I Field Force, Vietnam commander General Arthur S. Collins Jr. regarded the other five ARVN regiments in the zone as acceptable, but saw their "lack of aggressiveness" as a "persistent" and "fatal weakness."" "We need more fighters and fewer shadow boxers," Collins opined, reckoning that "we have perhaps overadvised them to the point where some of the lack of initiative... might be traced to overactive advisors." In his opinion, ARVN units were "no match" for their North Vietnamese opponents, and ARVN commanders relied too heavily on American air and artillery support now that it was available in quantity. In combat, they were simply unwilling to close with enemy forces. "The failure is one of leadership... and one of will." but, Collins had to conclude, "the one thing that can be said is that ARVN soldiers are doing the fighting and taking the casualties." The senior US adviser to the 2nd Battalion, 42nd Regiment concluded that the primary Vietnamese problem was still poor leadership: "The only time they fight is when they are cornered and have to fight." He predicted that "in the end, when the American forces do pullout, the PAVN will move back in" and that, judging by the punishment the PAVN had already taken from American firepower and survived, "the South Vietnamese will not be able to stop them.[7]: 422–3
Easter Offensive
Main article: Battle of Kontum
In early February 1972 in response to intelligence reports of a PAVN buildup including tanks and artillery in the Central Highlands, II Corps commander General Ngô Du moved the Division's headquarters and 47th Regiment to Tân Cảnh Base Camp to join the 42nd Regiment already located there. Elements of the 19th Armored Cavalry Squadron were attached to the Division to support its organic 14th Cavalry Regiment equipped with M-41 light tanks. The armored units would be deployed forward at Ben Het Camp which was regarded as the most likely direction of a PAVN armored attack.[10]: K-1 [11]: 82
Since the start of the Easter Offensive at the end of March, the Division's base areas had come under increasing PAVN artillery and rocket fire, which had gone from 20-50 rounds per day in March to up to 1000 per day by mid-April. During early April the 47th Regiment withdrew to Đắk Tô Base Camp, while the 42nd Regiment and one Battalion of the 41st Regiment were at Tân Cảnh supported by armor and artillery. In addition Airborne and Rangers occupied a string of firebases along a backbone of mountains stretching towards Kontum nicknamed Rocket Ridge.[10]: K-6 On 23 April, the PAVN 2nd Division started their attack on Tân Cảnh by hitting the ARVN tanks with AT-3 missiles and this was followed by a direct hit on the 42nd Regiment command bunker injuring the senior U.S. Adviser and several of the ARVN commanders and severely undermining the confidence of Colonel Le Duc Dat the 22nd Division commander. By midday all five of the M-41 tanks in the base and several more bunkers had been destroyed by the missiles. At 19:00 PAVN rocket fire ignited the base ammunition dump[10]: K-7 At 21:00 a column of 18 PAVN tanks was spotted in the area, a United States Air Force (USAF) AC-130A gunship arrived at 23:00 and began to engage the T-54 tanks with its 105 mm cannon. Three T-54s were disabled but later recovered by the PAVN.[10]: K-7 At midnight the tank column turned towards Tân Cảnh and the ARVN artillery began firing on the column until stopped by PAVN counterbattery fire. Two bridges on the approach to Tân Cảnh were abandoned without being destroyed. The ARVN organised hunter-killer teams and these destroyed two tanks.[10]: K-8
Just before 06:00 on 24 April the PAVN tanks attacked Tân Cảnh in two columns. One column of T-54s attacked the main gate, the other moving to secure the airstrip. The advance of the tanks caused the 900 support troops to panic. The new command bunker was hit by further artillery fire destroying the radio antennas. With the collapse of all command and control on the base, the American advisers abandoned the command bunker and moved to a new position to call in airstrikes, however fog made such airstrikes impossible.[10]: K-8 [12] At dawn the senior US adviser John Paul Vann arrived over Tân Cảnh in his OH-58A and made contact with the advisers who had escaped from the base perimeter. Vann landed and six advisers squeezed into the helicopter while frightened ARVN troops hung onto the skids. The helicopter flew to Đắk Tô Base Camp to drop off the passengers and then flew back to Tân Cảnh where they picked up the remaining three advisers, however the helicopter was swarmed by panicky ARVN and crashed on takeoff. Another helicopter came in and picked up Vann, his pilot and the three advisers and flew them to Pleiku.[10]: K-9 One hour after the main PAVN attack on Tân Cảnh commenced, the PAVN began their attack on Đắk Tô. A UH-1H helicopter #69-15715 landed to evacuate the six U.S. advisers who had been rescued from the Tân Cảnh perimeter, this helicopter was hit by PAVN anti-aircraft fire and crashed, five passengers and crew were killed in the crash while five survived, evaded capture and were recovered up 13 days later.[13] The PAVN penetrated the base perimeter suffering heavy losses, the remaining U.S. advisers called in airstrikes as the morning fog cleared but by 10:00 the 47th Regiment commander had lost contact with most of his subordinates and the command group evacuated the command bunker for a bunker in the inner perimeter.[10]: K-9 A T-54 moved into the base and began direct fire on the command post, the two remaining M-41s engaged the T-54, however their 76 mm guns had no apparent effect on the T-54 which quickly knocked out both M-41s. A relief column of M-41s supported by infantry arrived from Ben Het Camp around this time, but all the M-41s were knocked out by B-40 rockets and recoilless rifle fire and the infantry dispersed. With the failure of this counterattack and the loss of command and control the ARVN forces began to evacuate the base towards the south. As the ARVN attempted to cross the Dak Poko river they came under intense PAVN fire and the senior U.S. adviser LTC Robert Brownlee disappeared during this engagement.[14] At 20:00 the 47th Regiment command group attempted to escape the base and by 04:30 on 25 April after losing several men to PAVN fire escaped the base perimeter and were recovered the following day.[10]: K-10
On 25 April the PAVN mopped up the remaining ARVN positions around Tân Cảnh/Đắk Tô. The Division had ceased to exist as a fighting unit, the Division commander and his entire staff had disappeared and the PAVN had captured 23 105mm and 7 155 mm howitzers and large supplies of ammunition and stores.[10]: K-11 With the loss of the main camps, the remaining firebases along Rocket Ridge were abandoned and the PAVN had a clear approach to Kontum.[10]: K-12
Meanwhile, on the coastal lowlands the PAVN 3rd Division and VC units succeeded in cutting Highway 1 at Bồng Sơn and attacking the three isolated northern districts, forcing the 40th and 43rd Regiments to abandon their major bases at Landing Zone English and in Bồng Sơn. This together with the attacks against Kontum threatened to cut South Vietnam in half.[11]: 91
In early May the remnants of the 42nd and 47th Regiments which had been incorporated into the defense of Kontum were replaced by the arriving units of the 23rd Division and withdrawn to Bình Định Province for refitting.[11]: 94
The rehabilitation of the Division, now under the command of Brigadier General Phan Dinh Niem, slowly restored its combat effectiveness and in July the Division cleared Highway 1 and recapturing the lost districts.[11]: 105
Although the Division had incurred heavy losses during the Easter Offensive, the Division was somewhat aggressive in moving against PAVN bases in Bình Định Province and in securing the most important lines of communication, Highway 1 along the coast and Highway 19 which climbs westward over the Annamite Range to Pleiku. Security on the latter route, whose steep grades, blind curves, defiles and many bridges created ideal opportunities for ambush, was being provided by the 3rd and 19th Armored Cavalry Squadrons. The Division's four regiments were deployed as follows: the 40th was in northern Bình Định in the area of the Bồng Sơn pass; the 41st was in Tam Quan, the northernmost district of Bình Định; the 42nd was in reserve in Hoài Ân District; and the 47th was providing security around Phù Cừ District on Highway 1. Reinforcing the Division in Binh Dinh were the 14th Armored Cavalry Squadron in Bong Son and two regiments of Rangers, the 4th Ranger Group east of Tam Quan, and the 6th east of Phù Cừ.[15]: 9
1973-4
